How ABA Therapy Helps in Addressing Defiant Behaviors

Introduction: Navigating Behavioral Challenges with Evidence-Based Approaches

Addressing defiant behaviors in children, especially those diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), requires targeted interventions grounded in scientific research. Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) emerges as a prominent, evidence-based therapy known for its effectiveness in transforming behavioral patterns. This article explores how ABA therapy helps in managing defiant behaviors by detailing its methods, strategies, and the outcomes it fosters in children with behavioral challenges.

Core Principles of ABA and Its Role in Behavior Modification

Principles of behavior analysis

ABA, or Applied Behavior Analysis, is grounded in the scientific principles of behavior analysis. It focuses on understanding how behaviors are influenced by antecedents—what happens before a behavior—and consequences—what happens afterward. These principles guide therapists to systematically observe, measure, and modify behaviors. One of the foundational ideas is that behaviors can be learned or unlearned based on environmental cues and feedback.

ABA therapy involves breaking down complex skills into small, manageable steps. This process helps individuals learn through systematic teaching, repetition, and positive reinforcement. For example, a child learning to communicate may start with simple gestures or sounds, gradually progressing to words and sentences as they receive praise and rewards for each successful attempt.

The ABC model (Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence) forms the core framework in ABA. By analyzing what triggers specific behaviors and what reinforces them, therapists can design effective interventions that promote desirable behaviors and reduce problematic ones.

Behavioral change through reinforcement

Reinforcement is a central strategy in ABA to encourage desired behaviors. When a child's behavior is followed by a rewarding consequence, such as praise, a sticker, or a small treat, the likelihood that the behavior will recur increases. Positive reinforcement is preferred over punitive measures because it fosters a supportive environment for learning.

For example, a child with oppositional behaviors learns to respond appropriately to instructions when they are consistently rewarded for compliance. This approach not only increases compliance but also helps in teaching emotion regulation, impulse control, and rule-following skills.

Besides reinforcement of positive behaviors, ABA uses structured interventions like Token Economies, where a child earns tokens for appropriate actions that can later be exchanged for preferred rewards. These strategies help in establishing new, adaptive routines, especially for children displaying defiant behaviors.

Foundation of ABA therapy in scientific research

ABA is supported by extensive scientific research and is considered an evidence-based approach. It has been endorsed by the US Surgeon General and the American Psychological Association as an effective treatment for various behavioral issues, particularly in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Research across numerous studies reveals that about 63%–88% of outcomes across different measures show improvement with ABA therapy. These outcomes typically include increased communication skills, improved social interactions, and decreased problem behaviors.

While large-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are limited, smaller studies and meta-analyses demonstrate consistent positive effects, making ABA the treatment of choice for many behavioral challenges.

The therapy utilizes tailored approaches such as early intensive behavioral interventions (EIBI), the Early Start Denver Model (ESDM), and others, which emphasize different techniques and environments, from natural settings to structured clinics.

Ongoing assessments and data collection are essential components of ABA, ensuring that interventions are adjusted based on the individual’s progress. Although more rigorous research is ongoing, current evidence firmly establishes ABA as a highly effective, science-based method for behavior change.

Aspect	Details	Additional Notes
Core Principles	ABC model, reinforcement, systematic skill breakdown	Based on scientific behavior analysis
Techniques Used	Discrete Trial Teaching, Token Economies, Naturalistic Teaching	Adapted to individual needs
Target Outcomes	Communication, social skills, daily living, reduction of problem behaviors	Focuses on adaptive development
Treatment Settings	Home, school, community environments	Highly adaptable to context
Evidence and Efficacy	63%-88% show improvement across measures	Endorsed by major health organizations

Overall, ABA’s foundation in scientific research and its structured approach make it a powerful tool for achieving meaningful behavior change, improving quality of life, and promoting social and emotional development in individuals of all ages.

Techniques and Strategies in ABA for Addressing Defiance

What methods and behavioral techniques are used in ABA therapy to reduce defiance?

ABA therapy employs a range of effective strategies to help children with oppositional behaviors, including defiance. One fundamental approach is positive reinforcement, where desirable behaviors are rewarded, encouraging the child to repeat these behaviors. For example, a child may receive a small reward for following instructions or complying with requests.

Extinction is another key technique, used to diminish problematic behaviors by withholding reinforcement that previously encouraged those actions. If a child's tantrum or defiant response no longer results in attention or rewards, the behavior is less likely to persist.

Visual modeling and prompting are frequently used to teach appropriate responses. Therapists demonstrate desired behaviors and gradually fade prompts to foster independence.

Behavior chaining breaks down complex or disruptive behaviors into manageable steps, making skill acquisition more manageable. For example, teaching a child to complete a task step-by-step ensures gradual learning.

Behavior contracts set clear expectations and consequences between the child and therapist or caregiver. These agreements specify behaviors to be achieved and the reinforcement or consequences attached.

Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) is a crucial process in ABA. It identifies the triggers and underlying functions of defiant behaviors. By understanding what prompts the challenging behavior, therapists can design tailored interventions, such as Functional Communication Training (FCT), to teach appropriate ways to express needs.

Overall, ABA emphasizes a structured, consistent environment. It combines reinforcement strategies and skill-building techniques to help children replace oppositional behaviors with adaptive responses.

What role does ABA therapy play in improving behavioral outcomes for children with defiant or oppositional behaviors?

ABA therapy significantly enhances behavioral outcomes in children exhibiting defiant or oppositional behaviors. It does so by systematically teaching alternative, more appropriate behaviors and reducing those that are disruptive or maladaptive.

Through individualized, evidence-based intervention plans, ABA helps children increase compliance, improve social interactions, and develop better communication skills. The therapy employs positive reinforcement and skill acquisition strategies that result in meaningful behavioral improvements.

Implementation of ABA early in a child's development tends to produce more favorable outcomes. Consistency and long-term support are crucial, often involving ongoing data collection and adjustments to interventions to meet evolving needs.

While research has demonstrated strong positive effects across areas like communication, social skills, and behavioral compliance, more studies are needed to evaluate long-term impacts on quality of life. Nonetheless, ABA remains a highly endorsed, scientifically supported approach.

Overall, ABA provides a structured framework that helps children with opposition display improved self-control, obey rules, and interact more adaptively in various settings, including home and school. Its strategic use of reinforcement and behavior management techniques promotes sustainable behavioral change, fostering better social and academic outcomes.

Implementation and Customization of ABA Therapy

How does ABA therapy start with initial assessment and goal setting?

At the beginning of ABA therapy, practitioners conduct a comprehensive initial assessment to understand the child's current behaviors, strengths, and challenges. This process often involves behavioral evaluations, direct observations, and gathering input from parents, teachers, and caregivers. Based on this assessment, specific, measurable goals are established to guide treatment. These goals focus on skill development areas like communication, social interaction, emotional regulation, and reducing problematic behaviors.

During this stage, therapists identify the behaviors to target for intervention and set realistic benchmarks for progress. Families are encouraged to participate in setting these goals to ensure that they are meaningful and tailored to the child's environment and daily life.

How are treatment plans individualized to meet each child's needs?

ABA therapy is built around the idea that each child is unique, so treatment plans must be customized accordingly. A behavior analyst, often a BCBA (Board Certified Behavior Analyst), designs a tailored intervention strategy that considers the child's age, developmental level, specific behavioral challenges, and family circumstances.

The plan involves selecting appropriate behavioral techniques, such as Discrete Trial Training, Naturalistic Teaching, or Pivotal Response Treatment. These methods may include positive reinforcement strategies like token economies or social praise to encourage desired behaviors.

Progress is continuously monitored through data collection, and adjustments are made to optimize outcomes. This personalized approach ensures that interventions are both effective and appropriate for the child's evolving needs.

What is the importance of family participation and how does ABA therapy support skill generalization?

Family involvement is a critical component of successful ABA therapy. Parents and caregivers are trained to implement strategies consistently at home and in other natural settings. This consistency helps in generalizing skills learned during therapy sessions to everyday situations, enhancing the child's ability to perform new skills across different environments.

Therapists often conduct parent training sessions, offering guidance on how to reinforce behaviors, manage challenging episodes, and ensure that the child's routines are structured around positive reinforcement principles. Collaborative efforts between therapists and families improve motivation and create a supportive framework for long-term success.

Moreover, ABA therapy emphasizes teaching skills that are meaningful and functional for the child, such as obeying rules, emotion regulation, and social skills. These skills are reinforced in various settings, including home, school, and community, promoting ongoing behavioral improvements.

Aspect	Details	Additional Notes
Initial assessment	Conducted by behavior analysts, includes behavioral observation and family input	Establishes baseline and priorities
Goal setting	Based on assessment, tailored to child's needs	Involves family participation
Individualized plan	Combines various techniques to suit needs	Continuous data collection and adjustment
Family role	Essential for skill generalization	Training and consistent reinforcement
Skill generalization	Achieved through natural settings and caregiver involvement	Long-term success depends on this

Through a carefully planned, adaptable approach rooted in scientific principles, ABA therapy effectively guides children with behavioral challenges toward more positive, adaptive behaviors, fostering greater independence and social integration.

ABA Effectiveness for Children with Autism and ODD

How does ABA therapy impact communication, socialization, and language development?

ABA therapy is particularly effective in improving core skills such as communication and social interaction for children with autism. The approach emphasizes teaching functional language, enhancing social skills like joint attention, and fostering meaningful peer interactions. For children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), ABA helps develop emotional regulation and better responses to social cues, which improves overall socialization.

The therapy involves systematic teaching, often using techniques like Discrete Trial Teaching and Naturalistic Teaching, tailored to each child's needs. This structured yet flexible method supports children in learning better communication by breaking down complex skills into small, manageable steps and reinforcing positive responses.

How does ABA contribute to reducing behavioral issues?

One of the main goals of ABA is to diminish problematic behaviors such as aggression, defiance, and impulsivity. It does this by identifying triggers, understanding antecedents, and applying reinforcement strategies to encourage desirable behavior.

ABA addresses oppositional behaviors in children with ODD by teaching self-control, emotion regulation, and rule-following. Behavioral techniques, based on the ABC (Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence) model, help children learn appropriate responses.

Structured interventions also create a predictable environment, reducing anxiety and nervousness—common in children with behavioral challenges. Over time, consistent reinforcement of positive behaviors leads to significant reductions in problem behaviors.

What evidence supports the effectiveness of ABA therapy in improving behavioral outcomes?

Research indicates that intensive, long-term ABA therapy—ranging from 25 to 40 hours per week over 1 to 3 years—can produce meaningful improvements. Studies show enhancement in IQ, language abilities, daily living skills, and social functioning. Improvements have been observed across seven of eight measured outcome categories, with about 63% to 88% of cases reporting positive changes.

Although most research concerns children with autism, the evidence supports ABA's broader application. It teaches essential skills like emotional regulation, social interaction, and adaptive behaviors, which are also beneficial for children with ODD.

How does ABA complement other interventions for children with autism and oppositional behaviors?

ABA is a foundational component of a comprehensive treatment plan. It complements other interventions, such as family therapy, school-based programs, and social skills training, by providing a clear, evidence-based framework.

Its emphasis on positive reinforcement and tailored skill development ensures that interventions are personalized, addressing specific behavioral and developmental goals.

When integrated with family involvement and community support, ABA enhances overall progress, helping children with autism and ODD learn better social responses, communication, and independence.

Aspect	Impact	Techniques Used	Additional Notes
Communication & Language	Improvements in expressive and receptive language	Discrete Trial Teaching, Naturalistic Teaching	Customized to individual language needs
Social Skills	Enhanced interpersonal interactions	Pivotal Response Treatment, Social Skills Training	Focused on peer and family interactions
Behavioral Regulation	Reduction in oppositional and disruptive behaviors	ABC Model, Positive Reinforcement	Creates structured, predictable routines
Adaptive Skills	Increased independence in daily living	Data collection and ongoing assessment	Supports school and community participation
Evidence From Studies	Most show significant positive outcomes	RCTs, longitudinal studies	Need for more large-scale trials

What are the ongoing research needs for ABA therapy?

While existing studies demonstrate strong evidence supporting ABA’s benefits, there is a need for further research to refine its methods. Large-scale, randomized controlled trials are limited but essential to validate findings across diverse populations.

More studies measuring quality of life (QoL) outcomes are also needed to understand how ABA impacts overall well-being beyond behavioral metrics.

Enhanced research can help optimize protocols, ensure broader acceptance, and guide policy decisions for insurance coverage and access.

Long-term Impact and Future Directions of ABA Therapy

What evidence supports the effectiveness of ABA therapy in improving behavioral outcomes?

Research demonstrates that intensive, long-term ABA therapy—typically between 25 to 40 hours per week over a period of 1 to 3 years—can lead to significant enhancements in various skills. These include cognitive abilities, language development, daily living skills, and social functioning. Across numerous studies, improvements were observed in seven of the eight assessed outcome categories, with positive results in approximately 63% to 88% of cases. Most of these studies focus on children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), where ABA has proven effective in improving communication, reducing problematic behaviors, and fostering social skills. Interestingly, ABA principles are also applied to assist children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), by teaching emotional regulation, response to authority, and impulse control. These findings show that ABA’s benefits extend across different behavioral conditions, supporting more adaptive responses and better social interactions. While the current body of evidence is promising, it mainly comprises smaller-scale and observational studies, which indicates room for more comprehensive research to validate its long-term impact definitively.

What are the limitations of current research?

Although many studies report positive results, several limitations temper the conclusions about ABA’s long-term effectiveness. Most of the research relies on measures of behavioral and skill development, rather than broader quality of life indicators. Few studies assess how ABA influences overall well-being, emotional health, or social integration beyond skill acquisition. Furthermore, large-scale, rigorous studies such as randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are relatively scarce. This limits the ability to generalize findings widely and to develop firm policy guidelines. Variations in treatment duration, intensity, and specific methodologies also pose challenges in standardizing results. Another limitation involves the focus predominantly on young children with autism, leaving a knowledge gap about long-term outcomes in adolescents and adults or for individuals with other behavioral health conditions.

Need for further studies

Future research must address these gaps by conducting larger, more controlled trials that can better validate the long-term benefits of ABA therapy. Studies should incorporate measures of quality of life, emotional well-being, and social integration, alongside behavioral metrics. Advances in neurodevelopmental research and behavioral science will foster the evolution of ABA techniques, making interventions more personalized and effective. Emerging approaches aim to combine ABA with cognitive-behavioral therapies and social skills training to support broader developmental and mental health outcomes. There is also an increasing focus on the application of ABA beyond autism spectrum disorder. Expanding its scope to include conditions such as ADHD, OCD, PTSD, and mood disorders will likely diversify its benefits.

Future prospects for ABA research and application

The future of ABA science appears promising, with ongoing efforts to refine intervention protocols and broaden accessibility. Enhancing data collection methods, embracing technology such as digital phenotyping, and integrating family and community involvement will strengthen its impact. Long-term, researchers aim to establish more robust evidence linking ABA to overall quality of life improvements, including emotional resilience and social participation. These developments could influence policy changes, funding, and training standards, ensuring ABA’s effectiveness and sustainability as a comprehensive behavioral intervention.

Aspect	Current Status	Future Directions	Additional Notes
Evidence base	Growing but limited large RCTs	Conduct more rigorous, broad-scale studies	Aim to validate long-term benefits more conclusively
Application scope	Mainly autism, some other conditions	Expand to ADHD, OCD, mood disorders, adults	Broaden impact across the lifespan
Outcome measures	Behavioral improvements, skills	Incorporate quality of life and emotional health	Expand outcome assessment criteria
Methodology	Standard ABA methods, various models	Integrate new techniques, technology	Personalize interventions further
Policy implications	Growing recognition	Develop standardized protocols and policies	Ensure widespread and equitable access

As ABA continues to evolve, its potential to positively influence diverse aspects of mental health and behavior remains significant. Ongoing research and innovation will shape its future role in supportive, evidence-based care.

Integration of ABA in Broader Treatment Contexts

What role does ABA therapy play in improving behavioral outcomes for children with defiant or oppositional behaviors?

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) therapy is a structured, science-based approach that effectively tackles challenging behaviors like defiance, oppositionality, and impulsivity in children. Its core method involves breaking down complex, problematic behaviors into small, manageable steps. This process makes it easier for children to learn new, more desirable responses.

ABA uses evidence-based techniques, primarily positive reinforcement, to encourage the repetition of appropriate behaviors. When a child exhibits a desired behavior, they are rewarded with praise, tokens, or small treats. This consistent reinforcement helps establish new behavioral patterns over time.

A typical ABA program begins with a thorough assessment, where behavior analysts observe and analyze behavior patterns. Based on these insights, they design individualized intervention plans that focus on teaching skills like emotion regulation, following rules, and responding appropriately to authority figures. These interventions are often carried out systematically through methods such as Discrete Trial Teaching, Naturalistic Teaching, and Pivotal Response Treatment.

The long-term use of ABA has shown promising results. Children often demonstrate increased compliance, improved social skills, better communication, and reduced oppositional behaviors. Early and sustained intervention tends to yield the most benefits, particularly when combined with consistent parent and caregiver involvement outside therapy sessions.

Despite its success, researchers acknowledge the need for more comprehensive studies on how ABA impacts the overall quality of life for children over the long term. Nonetheless, health authorities such as the US Surgeon General and the American Psychological Association endorse ABA as an evidence-based treatment for managing behavioral issues in children, especially those with oppositional or defiant behaviors.

Furthermore, ABA is not solely confined to clinical settings. It can be integrated into school programs, home routines, and community environments. Such broad application helps generalize learned skills across various contexts, ensuring that children develop adaptive responses to real-world challenges.

How does ABA therapy fit within a broader, multimodal approach to child behavior management?

ABA is most effective when used as part of a comprehensive, multimodal strategy that involves the family, school, and community. Family participation is crucial for reinforcing skills learned during therapy sessions and ensuring consistency across different environments.

In school settings, ABA techniques support classroom behavior management, social skills training, and communication development. Teachers can implement ABA principles to promote positive behavior, while school counselors or psychologists may coordinate with ABA practitioners.

Community interventions, such as social skills groups or behavioral support programs, complement in-clinic ABA services, fostering skill transfer and social integration.

Are there any complementary therapies or approaches that work alongside ABA?

While ABA remains the gold standard, combining it with other interventions can enhance its effectiveness. For example, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can address emotional and mood-related challenges that often co-occur with oppositional behaviors.

Parent management training (PMT), which teaches parents effective behavior management strategies, aligns well with ABA techniques and promotes consistency at home.

Speech, occupational, and social skills therapy can complement ABA by targeting specific developmental areas, especially for children with additional needs.

What about holistic child development?

Effective treatment emphasizes not only managing problematic behaviors but also fostering holistic development. This includes developing communication skills, social competence, emotional regulation, independence, and academic readiness.

By integrating ABA with other approaches, such as play therapy or social-emotional learning programs, caregivers and practitioners aim to support well-rounded growth. This broad focus helps children thrive socially, emotionally, and academically, setting the foundation for a successful, fulfilling life.

Aspect	Role in Child Development	How ABA Enhances This Area
Behavior Management	Reduces oppositional and defiant actions	Uses reinforcement and structured teaching
Emotional Regulation	Helps children manage feelings	Teaching coping strategies within ABA
Social Skills	Improves communication and peer interaction	Focused social skills training through Naturalistic Teaching
Language Development	Enhances expressive and receptive language	Targeted language interventions integrated with ABA
Academic Skills	Supports school readiness	Applying ABA strategies in educational settings
Independence	Fosters self-reliance	Systematic skill teaching in daily routines

ABA is not a standalone solution but part of a comprehensive plan that promotes growth across multiple facets of child development. Coordinating efforts among parents, educators, and therapists ensures that children receive consistent support tailored to their individual needs.

Conclusion: The Significance of Evidence-Based Intervention in Behavioral Health

Overview of ABA’s Benefits

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is a science-backed approach widely recognized for its effectiveness in improving various behavioral, cognitive, and social skills. Through systematic assessment and individualized intervention plans, ABA helps individuals reduce harmful behaviors while fostering positive skills such as communication, social interaction, and independence.

One of the most significant advantages of ABA is its ability to address complex behavioral challenges. For children with autism, ABA programs significantly improve language, adaptive skills, and social responses, contributing to better integration into their environments. For children and adolescents with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), ABA techniques teach emotion regulation, impulse control, and rule-following, fostering cooperation and reducing oppositional behaviors.

ABA employs a range of strategies, including positive reinforcement, token economies, and structured teaching models like Discrete Trial and Naturalistic Teaching. Data collection and ongoing assessment ensure interventions are tailored and adaptive, leading to measurable improvements — often seen across diverse outcomes such as increased communication, decreased problem behaviors, and enhanced daily living skills.

Research highlights that long-term, intensive ABA therapy can result in substantial gains in IQ, language, and social functioning, with most studies reporting positive outcomes in 63%–88% of children. This evidence-based approach is endorsed by major health organizations, including the US Surgeon General and the American Psychological Association.

The Importance of Starting Interventions Early and Maintaining Consistency

Early intervention is crucial for maximizing ABA’s benefits, especially in autism spectrum disorder. Initiating therapy at a young age allows children to acquire essential skills before negative behaviors become ingrained, promoting better developmental trajectories.

Consistency across different settings — home, school, and community — amplifies progress. When families, educators, and therapists collaborate, children learn to generalize new skills to various environments, leading to more sustainable outcomes. Parental involvement, including training in behavioral techniques, ensures that positive behaviors are reinforced outside formal therapy sessions.

Regular review and adjustment of treatment plans are necessary to meet evolving needs. Ongoing data collection helps identify what works best, ensuring that interventions are effective and aligned with individual goals.

Evidence-Based Practices as a Cornerstone of Behavioral Health

The foundation of successful behavioral interventions, including ABA, lies in applying scientific principles to real-world challenges. The use of structured models, such as the ABCs (Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence), enables precise identification and modification of behaviors.

Although more large-scale studies, like randomized controlled trials, are needed for further validation, existing research provides a strong endorsement for ABA’s effectiveness. It is considered a best practice for many behavioral conditions, guiding policy and clinical decisions.

In behavioral health, the commitment to evidence-based practices ensures that interventions are not only effective but also ethically responsible and scientifically validated. This adherence enhances trust among caregivers, clinicians, and policymakers, fostering continued support for essential therapies like ABA.

Aspect	Description	Impact	Typical Outcomes
Approach	Behavior analysis principles, positive reinforcement, data-driven customization	Tailors interventions to individual needs	Improved communication, social skills, problem behaviors
Settings	Home, school, community	Supports generalization of skills	Better integration across environments
Target Conditions	Autism, ODD, ADHD, anxiety, mood disorders	Addresses specific behavioral challenges	Increased adaptive skills, emotional regulation
Duration	1-3 years, 25-40 hours/week	Promotes lasting change	Gained independence, decreased problematic behaviors
Evidence	Scientific validation, endorsements by health authorities	Ensures credible intervention	High rates of improvement in multiple domains

Final Thoughts

In conclusion, ABA stands as a vital, scientifically grounded tool in behavioral health. Its emphasis on early, consistent, and individualized intervention makes it a cornerstone in addressing diverse behavioral challenges. Continued research and application of evidence-based practices will further solidify ABA’s role in fostering meaningful and lasting improvements in the lives of individuals with behavioral and developmental needs.

Summary and Outlook: The Power of ABA in Shaping Better Behaviors

The role of ABA therapy in addressing defiant behaviors is backed by extensive scientific evidence and clinical success. Through its structured, positive reinforcement-based techniques, ABA helps children develop essential social, communication, and emotional skills, enabling them to navigate their environments more effectively. Early intervention, personalized treatment plans, and ongoing data-driven adjustments are key to maximizing outcomes. As research continues to evolve, ABA’s application broadens, promising even greater support for children with behavioral challenges beyond autism and ODD. Ultimately, ABA’s foundation in evidence-based practice makes it an indispensable component in behavioral health strategies, fostering increased compliance, improved quality of life, and better long-term developmental trajectories for children exhibiting defiant tendencies.

References

• Is ABA Therapy Worth It? - Behavioral Intervention For Autism
• ABA for School Readiness in Children with ODD - AutismCOE
• Applied Behavior Analysis in Children and Youth with Autism ...
• Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) | Autism Speaks
• Exploring applied behavior analysis therapy & its benefits - Rula
• Oppositional Defiant Disorder - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
• Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Autism - Golden Care Therapy
• ABA Techniques: Strategies for Behavior Analysts - GSEP Blog